Corn

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     Corn is one type of food crop seeds from grass family. Derived from the U.S., spread to Asia and Africa through business activities of the Europeans to the Americas. Around the 16th century people Portugal disseminate it to Asia, including Indonesia. Dutch People Mais and the English call it call it corn.

    

Systematic corn crop is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae (plants) Divisio: Spermatophyta (seed plants) Sub Divisio: Angiospermae (seeds enclosed) Classis: Monocotyledone (dashed one) Order: Graminae (grasses) Familia: Graminaceae Genus: Zea Species: Zea mays L.

     Types of corn can be grouped according to age and form of seeds. 

a) According to age, divided into 3 groups: 

1. Short-lived (early maturing): 75-90 days, for example: arsenic Dwarf, Dwarf Paper, Abhimanyu and Arjuna. 
2. Aged medium (middle): 90-120 days, for example: C 1 Hybrid, a hybrid CP and CPI 2, Hybrid IPB 4, Pioneer Hybrid 2, Malin, Metro and Pandu. 
3. Long-lived: more than 120 days, for example: White Kania, Bastar, Yellow, Bima and Hope.  

b) According to the form of seeds, divided into 7 groups: 

1. Dent Corn
2. Flint Corn
3. Sweet Corn
4. Pop Corn
5. Flour Corn
6. Pod Corn
7. Waxy Corn

     High yielding varieties have characteristics: high production, short life, bear attack major diseases and other traits that profitable. This superior variety divided into two, namely: maize hybrids and open pollinated maize varieties. Name some corn varieties are known, among others: Abhimanyu, Arjuna, Bromo, Yellow Bastar, Bima, Dwarf Paper, Hope, New Hope, Hybrid C 1 (Hybrid Cargill 1), Hybrid IPB 4, Kalinga, White Kania, Malin, Metro, Nakul, Pandu, Parikesit, Permadi, Sahadev, Wiyasa, Bogor Composite-2. 

     Corn crop is very useful for human and animal life. In Indonesia, corn is a commodity second most important food crop after rice. Based on the order of the world's staple food, maize ranks to 3 after wheat and rice. In the Region Madura, corn widely used as a staple food. More recently increasing use of corn plants. Plant a lot of good corn, because almost all parts of the plant canutilized for various purposes including: a) Bars and young leaf: animal feed b) Stem and old leaves (after harvest): green manure or compost c) Stem and leaf dry: firewood d) Bars corn: lanjaran (pillar) e) Trunk corn: pulp (paper material) f) Fruit young maize (putren, Jw): vegetables, bergedel, bakwan, sambal fried 

g) The seed is an old corn: rice substitute, marning, foregoing, corn bread, flour, vermicelli, mixture of ground coffee, biscuits, pastries, fodder, raw materials beer industry, pharmaceutical industry, dextrin, adhesive, textile industry. 

     In Indonesia, the main producing areas of corn crop is Central Java,West Java, East Java, Madura, D.I. Yogyakarta, East Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, and Maluku. Special Areas of East Java and Madura, maize cultivation is intensive because the soil conditions and climate is not conducive to growth. 

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L)

     Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) is an annual plant that grows with in both low and high land of no more than 1200 m above sea level. These plants can grow on clay, clay and sandy soil. Melinjo plant consists of several varieties, namely (1) gravels varieties: fruit small round and dense, (2) sticky rice varieties: the larger the fruit is more oval and dab grow in abundance, and (3) varieties of barrel-shaped: the largest fruit among varieties Another and less dense. Among these three types melinjo, varieties keg most economic value because most preferred to be made chips melinjo.

     Melinjo plants begin to bear fruit at the age of 3 ~ 4 years. Fruit that has been melinjo used for the manufacture of crisps (chips) and young fruit used as vegetable. Leaves melinjo young and melinjo interest can also be used as vegetable. Tree melinjo unproductive wood can be harvested and cutting boards and other utensils. The skin is also useful plant, which can processed into rope.

     Fruit melinjo chips can be picked to serve as 4 months after fruit formation begins. Within a year, fruit can be harvested melinjo to 3 times. 

Paddy (Oryza Sativa)

     Paddy is a crop of grass berumpun. Agricultural Crops derived from two ancient continents of Asia and the West African tropical and subtropical regions. Evidence history shows that rice cultivation in Zhejiang (China) has begun in 3,000 years BC. Fossils of grain and grain found in Uttar Hastinapur Pradesh India around 100-800 BCE. Besides China and India, some regions of origin Rice is, North Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.

   Botanical classification of the rice plant are as follows:
Division: Spermatophyta
Sub Division: Angiospermae
Class: Monotyledonae
Family: Gramineae (Poaceae)
Genus: Oryza
Species: Oryza spp.

    There are 25 species of Oryza, which is known O. with two subspecies sativa of Indica rice (paddy fur) grown in Indonesia and Sinica (rice cere). Paddy divided into two types of dry rice (upland) that is planted in the highlands and rice paddy in the lowlands which requires inundation.

     National superior varieties derived from Bogor: Pelita I / 1, Pelita I / 2, Fair and Makmur (plateau), Joy, Gati, GH 19, GH 34 and GH 120 (lowlands). Variety excellent introduction of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines is PB is the type IR or IR 22, IR 14, IR 46 and IR 54 (lowland); PB32, PB 34, PB 36 and PB 48 (lowland).

     Rice is the main food source of carbohydrate in most countries Asia. Other countries such as in continental Europe, Australia and America rice consumed in amounts much smaller than Asian countries. In addition, rice straw can be used as ground cover in an attempt farmer. 

Growth Condditions

I Climate

1. Growing up in the tropical / subtropical at 45 degrees N to 45 degrees latitude with hot weather and high  humidity with a 4-month rainy season.
2. The average rainfall is 200 mm good / month or 1500-2000 mm / year.Rice can be grown in dry or rainy season. In the dry season productionincreased provided that irrigation water is always available. In the rainy season, although water abundance production may decline due to pollination is less intensive.
3. In the lowland rice requires a height of 0-650 m above sea level with temperature 22-27 degrees C while in the highlands of 650-1500 m above sea level with temperature 19-23 degrees C.
4. Rice plants require watering full sun without shade.
5. Wind effect on pollination and fertilization, but if too tightwill break down plant. 

 II Growing Media

a) Paddy gogo
1. Upland rice should be grown on land that berhumus, crumb structure and sufficient containing water and air.
2. Requires 25 cm soil thickness, suitable soils vary from which berliat, dusty fine, argillaceous and smooth to rough ground water available is needed quite a lot. We recommend that the soil is not rocky, if any should be <50%.
3. Soil acidity varied from 4.0 to 8.0.
b) Paddy soil
1. Paddy soil grown on heavy soil or soil argillaceous who have hard layer 30 cm below the soil surface.
2. Requires a fertile soil with mud 18-22 cm thick.
3. Soil acidity between pH 4.0 to 7.0. In paddy fields, inundation will changing planting a neutral pH (7.0). In principle, calcareous soil with a pH of 8.1 to 8.2 did not damage the rice crop. Because experience inundation, wetland soil has a layer that contains no reduction paddy soil oxygen and pH is usually near neutral. To obtain rice land are eligible soils required special treatment. 

     Plants can be grown on land areas ranging from low to high land.